Normal Blood Sugar Levels and Type 2 Diabetes: Tests, Causes, Symptoms, and How to Manage This Condition

Normal Blood Sugar Values and Type 2 Diabetes: Tests, Causes, Symptoms, and How to Manage This Condition

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition that affects how the body uses blood glucose. It occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or cannot use it effectively, leading to very high blood sugar levels. While it can be managed through medication, lifestyle changes, and regular blood sugar monitoring, diagnosing diabetes is essential. In this article, we will provide information on diabetes symptoms, causes, and risk factors. We will also discuss tests and dietary rules to help you take care of your body and avoid complications.

Normal Blood Sugar Values and Type 2 Diabetes – Symptoms, Causes, and Possible Complications

Type 2 diabetes is a form of diabetes mellitus characterized by high blood glucose (sugar) levels. Insulin is an essential hormone that allows cells to use glucose for energy. If the body does not produce enough insulin, then sugar cannot be metabolized.

Diabetes mellitus also has another manifestation, namely type 1 diabetes, in which the body does not produce insulin at all. In this form of diabetes, the immune system attacks and destroys the cells in the pancreas responsible for insulin secretion. This causes very high blood sugar levels.

In the case of type 2 diabetes, the body produces insulin, but either it is not enough, or the cells have developed a resistance to it:

• If cells become less receptive to insulin, its effectiveness will be significantly reduced.
• It is possible that the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or produces a normal amount, but it is insufficient due to the resistance the cells have developed.

Normal Blood Sugar Values

Normal blood sugar values vary depending on several factors, namely:

• whether it is measured on an empty stomach or after a meal;
• age;
• whether or not pregnancy exists.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the normal blood sugar values for adults are:

1. Fasting blood glucose (in the morning, before a meal): 70-100 mg/dl (milligrams per deciliter);
2. Postprandial blood glucose (1-2 hours after a meal): less than 140 mg/dl.

In type 2 diabetes mellitus, blood sugar levels should be below 130 mg/dL if measured on an empty stomach. If we talk about postprandial blood sugar, the values should be below 160 mg/dL.

Of course, these are just standard guidelines. The doctor may adjust them based on other aspects of your health or the pre-existence of specific genetic factors. Additionally, the ranges may vary slightly depending on the laboratory performing the test.

Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes: How Can We Recognize This Condition?

Type 2 diabetes is the milder form of diabetes mellitus. For this reason, the symptoms are also milder, which is why they can go unnoticed and require more vigilance:

• excessive thirst;
• frequent urination;
• fatigue or feeling of exhaustion;
• blurred vision;
• slow healing of wounds;
• recurrent fungal infections;
• numbness in hands or feet.

It is equally important to pay attention to the symptoms of a skin condition called *Acanthosis nigricans*. It manifests as areas of thickened skin with discoloration in a brownish-blackish hue. It most commonly appears on body areas with folds, such as the neck, armpits, groin, or palms. If you notice these dark irritations, our recommendation is to see a doctor as soon as possible. *Acanthosis nigricans* can be an indicator that the body is becoming resistant to insulin.

Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus That We Want to Avoid

Type 2 diabetes mellitus can lead to a series of serious complications if not managed properly:

• Kidney function deterioration. Diabetes is the leading cause of diabetic nephropathy, a serious condition that can lead to kidney failure.
• Diabetic foot. Diabetes increases the risk of infections, ulcers, and gangrene in the foot, which may even require amputation.
• Cardiovascular complications. Diabetes significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, including heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.
• Eye damage. Diabetic retinopathy, an ocular complication caused by diabetes, can lead to vision loss if not treated in time.
• Diabetic neuropathy. Nerve damage caused by diabetes can lead to pain, tingling, numbness, and muscle weakness, especially in the lower extremities.

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Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition, but with proper management, complications can be avoided or delayed. In this regard, a discussion with a specialist doctor about the best strategies for maintaining health and preventing diabetes is always welcome.

Causes of Type 2 Diabetes and Risk Factors Associated with This Condition

Of people suffering from diabetes mellitus, approximately 90% suffer from type 2 diabetes, meaning the pancreas secretes insulin, but the cells are not receptive to it. Unlike type 1 diabetes, where the causes have not yet been identified, for type 2, things are a bit simpler.

To date, the potential causes identified are:

• metabolic syndrome, which is a combination of high blood sugar, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol;
• genetic predisposition: there seems to be a link between certain DNA segments and insulin secretion;
• overweight or obesity: excess weight increases insulin resistance, and thus the risk of developing the disease;
• an unhealthy diet: saturated fats, cholesterol, sugar, and refined carbohydrates can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.

Additionally, there is also a set of risk factors that represent an additional danger and must be taken into account:

• a sedentary lifestyle;
• age: the risk of type 2 diabetes increases with age;
• smoking;
• polycystic ovary syndrome;
• excessive alcohol consumption;
• chronic stress;
• lack of sleep.

Most often, it is not a single cause, but a combination of factors that lead to the condition. Lifestyle modifications can significantly reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes or delay its onset. Among these changes are adopting a healthy diet, regular exercise, and maintaining a normal body weight.

Fruits for Type 2 Diabetics – Diet in Type 2 Diabetes

Fruits are an important part of a healthy diet and can also be included by type 2 diabetics. In fact, fruits provide fiber, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, all of which are essential for good overall health.

However, as they also contain natural sugar, i.e., fructose, they must be chosen carefully and consumed in moderation.

Recommended are:

• Berries: blueberries, raspberries, strawberries, and blackberries are rich in fiber and have a low glycemic index (GI), meaning they do not significantly raise blood sugar.
• Apples are a good source of fiber and pectin – a type of soluble fiber that can slow the absorption of sugar into the blood.
• Oranges, grapefruits, and tangerines are rich in vitamin C and fiber and have a low GI.
• Pears and kiwis are also rich in fiber and potassium and have a low GI.

The portion size is very important, and a portion of fruit in type 2 diabetes is equivalent to approximately one cup or 150 grams. In all cases, fruits should be consumed in moderation and only as part of a balanced diet that includes other healthy foods.

Besides fruits, foods allowed in type 2 diabetes are numerous and make up a balanced diet that everyone needs:

• leafy green vegetables (spinach, lettuce, kale), cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cauliflower), carrots, cucumbers, zucchini, tomatoes, bell peppers;
• whole grains: brown or wild rice, oatmeal and oat bran, quinoa, millet, amaranth, buckwheat;
• lean proteins: fish (salmon, cod), meat (chicken or turkey, skinless), boiled eggs, Greek yogurt, cottage cheese;
• healthy fats: olive oil, nuts and seeds (almonds, flaxseed), avocado.

Adequate hydration is also essential. It is important to remember that the frequency of food consumption and the recommended quantity can vary depending on individual needs and the treatment plan recommended by the doctor. Additionally, consulting a nutritionist is recommended to develop a personalized meal plan tailored to each person’s specific needs.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Management Methods

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Although it cannot be cured, type 2 diabetes can be managed effectively through lifestyle changes and, sometimes, medication. There is what is called “remission in type 2 diabetes,” a state in which blood sugar levels return to normal and can be maintained without medication. It is important to note that remission of type 2 diabetes is not considered a cure. If a person with diabetes in remission returns to unhealthy habits, blood sugar can rise again, and diabetes can return.

Consequently, proper management of type 2 diabetes mellitus is essential for long-term health maintenance and is primarily done through:

• Lifestyle Changes:

• Adopting a healthy and balanced diet rich in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and lean proteins is essential for blood sugar control.
• Regular physical activity, at least 30 minutes a day, helps improve insulin sensitivity and reduce blood sugar. It is recommended to choose enjoyable physical activities that are easy to integrate into daily routine.
• Losing even 5-10% of body weight, where applicable, can have a significant impact on blood sugar control in people with type 2 diabetes.
• Quitting smoking is also among the most important things people with diabetes can do to improve their health.

• Regular Monitoring

Regular home blood sugar monitoring is important, as recommended by the doctor. Periodic laboratory tests are also necessary to assess blood sugar levels and detect any potential diabetes complications.

Additionally, participating in diabetes education programs may be helpful. These can provide valuable information about diabetes and how to manage it effectively. Support groups can also help by offering support and encouragement from other people living with diabetes.

Superfoods in Our Diet

Due to their significant benefits for blood sugar control and overall health, superfoods are a great addition to the recommended diet for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

• Both aronia and sea buckthorn are considered superfoods due to their high content of nutrients and antioxidants with significant health benefits. Studies have shown that aronia can reduce postprandial blood sugar and improve insulin sensitivity, contributing to better control of type 2 diabetes. Aronia juice is an excellent product to enjoy the benefits of these superfruits and contains no sugar, flavorings, additives, or preservatives. Sea buckthorn is rich in flavonoids and other compounds with anti-inflammatory properties, which can reduce chronic inflammation. This is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes and its complications.
• Blueberries in type 2 diabetes are also recommended and can improve glycemic control because they are rich in anthocyanins and antioxidants with anti-inflammatory properties.
• Almonds, walnuts, chia seeds, and flaxseeds are excellent sources of fiber, healthy fats, protein, vitamins, and minerals. Consuming them can help reduce cholesterol, improve insulin sensitivity, and promote satiety.
• Turmeric contains curcumin: a compound with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can improve insulin sensitivity and reduce the risk of diabetic complications.
• Another cruciferous superfood, broccoli, is rich in fiber, vitamin C, chromium, and sulforaphane, a compound with antidiabetic properties.
• Whey is a rich source of high-quality protein and low lactose, which can help control blood sugar and reduce appetite.
• Garlic has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties that can help lower blood sugar and improve cholesterol.

It is important to remember that while these foods can be beneficial for people with type 2 diabetes, they should not be consumed in excess. In addition, it is recommended to consult a doctor or nutritionist to establish a personalized and balanced meal plan tailored to individual needs.

Forbidden Foods in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

While there is no strict list of forbidden foods for type 2 diabetics, some can significantly raise blood sugar and affect glycemic control, and are rather not recommended. The diet in type 2 diabetes can only be established by a doctor, based on performed tests.

A general list of foods to limit or avoid in type 2 diabetes mellitus may include:

1. Refined grains: white bread, white rice, white pasta, breakfast cereals with added sugar;
2. Processed foods: cold cuts, fast food, instant meals, semi-prepared foods;
3. Other foods with added sugar: soft drinks, candies, desserts, jams and preserves, ice cream;
4. Saturated and trans fats: fatty red meat, full-fat dairy products, lard, coconut oil, fried foods.

Of course, there may also be sugar-free alternatives specially designed for diabetics for the products mentioned above. In this case, they can be consumed safely and should not be excluded, as they are not contradictory to the diet for type 2 diabetes.

Alcohol consumption is also contraindicated, as it can increase blood sugar and interfere with the action of diabetes medications.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus remains a chronic condition, but one that can be managed more easily than others. Lifestyle changes, such as a balanced diet, regular exercise, and weight loss, are essential for blood sugar control. Emotional support and diabetes education are also useful for coping with diabetes. Thus, taking into account the doctor’s recommendations, the impact can be minimized, and anyone suffering from diabetes can enjoy a long and healthy life.

Medical references:

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diabetes/

https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/type-2-diabetes

https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes-tests

https://www.healthline.com/health/type-2-diabetes-diet

https://www.healthline.com/health/type-two-diabetes-things-you-should-know

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